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Remote Sensing in History

Activities|Age/Grade|Facts|Fun|Links|Objectives|Questions|Quiz|Related Topics|Summary|Vocabulary

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Summary of Article

This article examines some hallmarks in the history of remote sensing, which, when tied to human history, have profoundly changed the way we view and understand our world. It details the early uses of remote sensing, from Galileo in 1609 to the Mississippi River flooding of 1993. It reinforces the notion of the intelligence and insight of our forefathers. Similarly, it will show how remote sensing technologies have advanced, from early telescopes to satellites, and what possibilities exist for future applications.

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Suggested Age/Grade Levels

Age Level: 12 - 18
Grade Level: 7th grade - 12th grade

Related Topics

History
Discuss the historical applications of remote sensing and how it has shaped today's world. Geography
Discuss the use of remote sensing technologies in analyzing large land areas. Science and Technology
Discuss how science and technology have aided in the advancement of remote sensing technologies.

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Objectives

After studying the article, students should be able to:
  • Define remote sensing.
  • Explain how remote sensing developed.
  • Tell what motivated people to look at the Earth from a different perspective.
  • Explain how the process of obtaining remotely sensed information evolved from aerial photography to satellite imagery.

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Classroom Activities
Be Part of a Remote Sensing Satellite

Objective: This activity will allow students to pretend they are part of a remote sensing satellite. The purpose is to help them understand why sensors of different wavelengths can only see certain colors and why they can only produce certain colors on photos.

Prior to this activity, there should be an introduction to remote sensing, color, and light. Discuss the basic parts of a remote sensing satellite, such as the platform, the sensors, and the filters. Students should have some basic understanding of the colorwheel, too. It would be a good idea to show them some examples of different types of remotely sensed images (true color, infrared, etc.). This will let them see that color can vary from image to image. These images will also help students to understand the perspective of viewing the Earth from above.

Materials:
  • one set of "glasses" for each student (red, blue, or green, depending on which group they are in; see directions below)
  • red, blue, and green pipe cleaners (enough to distribute several to each student)
  • 10-15 sheets of green, blue, and red acetate (or overhead projector sheets)

Prior to Activity
Directions for making "glasses":
1. Cut out pieces of the acetate large enough to cover the students' eyes.
2. Give each student a different color of the acetate to use as lenses in the "glasses."
3. Spread out the pipe cleaners on a grassy area outside; they should not be hidden.

Procedure
1. Divide the students into three equal groups; one group for red "glasses," one for blue, and one for green.
2. Pass out the "glasses" before going outside. Be sure the students cover their eyes with the colored "glasses" before they near the area where the pipe cleaners are located.
3. Explain the situation and the rules to the students.
a. The students will pretend they are the sensors of satellites and, as satellites do, they will search for things that they can see through their colored "glasses."
b. Students can only look through their "glasses" to find the pipe cleaners.
c. When a student sees a pipe cleaner, he or she will pick it up.
d. When the time limit (10-15 minutes) is reached, have the students look to see what everyone picked up. (You could have the students trade colors to see what happens when looking through different colored "glasses.")
e. Have a discussion about why students were only able to see certain colors through their "glasses."

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Questions for Discussion

Q: What is remote sensing?
A: Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. It is a process of obtaining information without coming into direct contact with the object being observed.

Q: Why use remote sensing for obtaining information about areas or objects?
A: Remote sensing permits researchers to "read" the Earth. The US space program stresses that the fundamental goal of remote sensing is to advance scientific knowledge of the Earth and its environment so as to understand and eventually predict both natural and human-induced global change and, thus, provide continuing benefits to humanity.

Q: What types of satellites are used for remote sensing of the Earth?
A: There are many types of satellites used for remote sensing of the Earth. The three major types are meteorological, oceanographic, and terrestrial satellites.
Meteorological satellites are used to obtain information about the Earth's weather. The data obtained from these satellites are entered into a computer to create a forecast model.
Oceanographic satellites obtain data about the Earth's oceans and other water bodies to help us understand the oceanic system of tides, water temperatures, etc. The usefulness of these satellites is demonstrated in the predictions that were made for this year's climatic phenomenon known as El Niño.
Terrestrial satellites obtain data about the Earth's land surface. The range of the electromagnetic spectrum allows researchers to see the Earth from a different perspective. These data are useful in predicting crop yields for agriculture and aiding cartographers in map making. The extent of the use of these satellite systems is limitless.

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Quiz

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Just the Facts

Aerial photography and satellites are used for military and commercial applications.

Remote sensing has evolved greatly since the days of Galileo. The transition from analog data to digital data has created an explosion in the amount of information obtained from remote sensing platforms.

Satellites were first used during the Cold War. Today they are used by many disciplines, from geography to agronomy. There is a great demand for the commercial application of this once classified data source.

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Relevant Links to Web Sites and Additional Resources

The Observatorium has a collection of remote sensing tutorials in Educator's Resources. They are filled with short, easy-to-understand articles on topics ranging from digital imaging to satellite orbits.
http://observe.ivv.nasa.gov/nasa/education/reference/main.html

Exploring the Environment (ETE) features interdisciplinary modules that use satellite imagery as a tool, problem-based learning as methodology, and the World Wide Web as a means of delivery. It includes teacher's pages and activities and modules to use in the classroom.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete

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Vocabulary

Galileo: (1564-1642) Italian astronomer and physicist. Through his spyglass, Galileo made careful observations and measurements of the universe. His most stunning (and controversial!) discovery was of satellites orbiting Jupiter, dashing the concept of an Earth-centered universe with all objects revolving around the Earth.

photography: the process of producing images on a sensitized surface by the action of light or other radiant energy.

photo interpretation: the process of examining aerial photographs and images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance.

photoreconnaissance: a survey of a region performed with an aerial photography platform (e.g., balloon, pigeon, airplane).

reconnaissance: a survey of a region for the purpose of ascertaining the locations of objects.

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For Fun

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